,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; Nghjdh nkhopg; gpur;rpid

,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; ePz;l neLq;fhyg; gpur;rpidfSs; nkhopg;gpur;rpidAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;whFk;. muG> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> muGj; jkpo; Mfpa nkhopfSld; ,e;ehl;L K];ypk;fisj; njhlHGgLj;jp> mtw;Wldhd mtHfspd; epiyg;ghL gw;wp tuyhW neLfpYk; thjg; gpujpthjq;fs; eilngw;W te;Js;sd.

,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp nkhopiag; nghWj;j tiuapy; Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; rpyH gapd;W te;jhYk; nghJthf ,e;ehl;L K];ypk;fspd; Nghjdh nkhopahf jkpNo ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> mz;ikf; fhykhfr; rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; njhif fzprkhd msT mjpfupj;Js;sij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. vjpH fhyj;jpy; ,j;njhif NkYk; Ntfkhf mjpfupg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; njd;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy;> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; vjpH fhyf; fy;tp nkhopahf vk;nkhop mika Ntz;Lk; vd;nwhU rHr;irNa fpsg;gp tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpq;fs nkhop %yk; K];ypk; khztHfs; fy;tp gapy;tjdhy; Vw;gLk; rhjf> ghjfq;fis Muha;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

ehl;by; nkhj;jkhf Vwj;jho 45000 K];ypk; khzt> khztpaH rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp gapYtjhf Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,J nkhj;j K];ypk; khztH njhifapy; 13.05% MFk;. fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l xU kjpg;gPl;bd; gb> fhyp khtl;lj;jpy; RkhH 60% khd K];ypk; khztHfSk; nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpy; RkhH 50% khd K];ypk; khztHfSk; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp gapy;tJ njupa te;Js;sJ. ,e;j khtl;lq;fisj; jtpu fz;b> FUzhfy;> fSj;Jiw> mk;ghe;Njhl;il Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspYk; fzprkhd njhif K];ypk; khzt> khztpaH rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdH.

1.0 rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp gapy;tjhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;:

K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp nkhopahfr; rpq;fsk; miktjdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gy ed;ikfs; tpisAk; vd;gjid kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. mj;jifa ed;ikfspy; Kf;fpakhd %d;iw ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; trjpfis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;Ljy;.
2. ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;Jldhd gu];gu Gupe;JzHit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;Ljy;
3. vkJ fiy> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;Lg; guptHj;jidf;F Clfkhfr; rpq;fs nkhopia mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rhj;jpak; Vw;gly;.

rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;gjdhy; tpisAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ed;ikfs; gw;wp tpupthff; fPNo tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; trjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;jHg;gk; fpl;Ljy;. (c-k;: fw;wy; rhjdq;fs;> jukhd ghlrhiy trjp> gy;Jiw rhHe;j fy;tp> njhopw; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;)

rfy trjpfisAk; nfhz;l jukhd rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfs; khefuq;fs;> efuq;fs; cl;gl gl;bdq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpuhkq;fspw; $lj; jukhd rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfs; mike;Js;sd. Mdhy;> jukhd K];ypk; ghlrhiyfs; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Nehf;fpdhYk;> kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sd.
RkhH 750 K];ypk; ghlrhiyfs; ,Ug;gpDk;> mit Fiwe;j juj;ijAiladthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; K];ypk; ngw;NwhH> jkJ gps;isfisr; rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfspw; NrHg;gjpy; epahakpUg;gjhff; fUJfpd;wdH.

jkpo; nkhopAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ fw;wy; rhjdq;fSk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; jhuhskhff; fpilf;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf caHtFg;Gg; ghlq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd E}y;fs;> JizE}y;fs;> topfhl;bfs; Nghd;wd rpq;fs nkhopapy; mjpfkhff; fpilf;ff; $badthfTs;sd. rpwpa tFg;G khztHfs; Kjy; caH tFg;G khztHfs; tiu fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gadilaf; $ba gy rQ;rpiffSk;> gj;jpupiffSk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; ntsptUfpd;wd. njhiyf; fhl;rpapYk; khztHfspd; fy;tpf;F cjtf;$ba jukhd epfo;r;rpfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit rpq;fs nkhopapNyNa xspgug;gg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo; nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; khztHfSf;F ,j;jifa tha;g;Gf;fis mile;J nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy. gy;fiyf;fof gpuNtr tha;g;Gf; fpl;lhj khztHfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L gy tifahd njhopw; fy;tp rhHe;j ghl newpfs; ,d;W elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ghl newpfs; ngUk;ghYk; rpq;fs nkhopapNyNa elhj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

1.2 ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;Jld; gu];gug; Gupe;JzHit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;Ljy;:

cz;ikapy;> ,d;Wtiu jPHf;fg;glhjJk; ehSf;F ehs; cf;fpukile;J tUtJkhd ,yq;ifapd; ,dg; gpur;rpidf;F K];ypk;fs; rpq;fs nkhopiaf; fw;gJ xU jPHthf mikayhk;. ,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyNa mz;ikf; fhykhfr; rpq;fsj;ij jkpo; NgRNthUf;Fk;> jkpior; rpq;fsk; NgRNthUf;Fk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw; nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

Mdhy;> Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;fhfr; rpq;fsj;ij K];ypk;fs; jkJ fy;tp nkhopahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;sj;Njitapy;iy. mtHfs; rpq;fs nkhopia xU ghlkhff; fw;why; khj;jpuk; NghJkhdjhFk;.

1. fiy> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L guptHj;jidf;F Clfkhfr; rpq;fs nkhopia mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; re;jHg;gk; Vw;gly;:

rpq;fs> K];ypk; r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlHG ,ilntsp (Communication Gap) fhzg;gLtJ XH cz;ikahFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,U r%fq;fSf;fpilapYk; gy jg;ggpg;gpuhaq;fSk;> kdf;frg;GfSk;> mjpUg;jpAk; epytp tUtij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. khL mWj;jy;> FHghd; nfhLj;jy;> gs;spthaypy; xypngUf;fp %yk; mjhd; nrhy;Yjy;> gyjhu kzk;> K];ypk; ngz;fspd; epiy Nghd;w gy tplaq;fs; njhlHghfg; ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;ijr; NrHe;j gyUk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; gy;NtW rHr;irfisf; fpsg;gpAk; fhurhukhd tpkHrdq;fisr; nra;Jk; tUfpd;wdH. ,t;thwhd tptfhuq;fspy; K];ypk;fspd; epiyg;ghl;bYs;s epahaq;fisAk;> mtHfsJ rd;khHf;f khz;GfisAk; nghUk;ghd;ik r%fj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;Ytjpy; nkhop xU jilahf mike;Js;sJ. K];ypk;fs; rpq;fs nkhopiaf; fw;gJ ,g;gpur;rpidf;F xU jPHthf miktJld;> jkJ rd;khHf;fg; NghjidfisAk; fyhrhug; gz;ghl;L khz;GfisAk; gpwUf;F efHj;jTk; JizGupAk;.
Mdhy;> ,e;epiyAk;> K];ypk;fs; rpq;fs nkhopiag; Nghjdh nkhopahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tw;GWj;Jtjhf njupatpy;iy K];ypk; khztHfs; rpq;fs nkhopia xU ghlkhff; fw;gNj NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Nkw;fz;l ed;ikfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> jkJ gps;isfisr; rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;Gk; K];ypk; ngw;NwhH ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. mNj Neuj;jpy; ,j;jifa ed;ikfs; vjidAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ rpq;fs nkhopapy; fw;gJk;> NgRtJk; xUtif ehfupfk; vd;w czHtpy; mk;nkhop %yk; jkJ gps;isfSf;Ff; fy;tp Gfl;Lk; gyH K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wdH vd;gij kWf;fKbahJ.
2.0 rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp gapYtjdhy; tpisAk; ghjfq;fs;:
K];ypk; khztHfs; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;gjdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ed;ikfs; rpy fpilj;jhYk; mjdhy; tpisAk; jPikfSk; cz;L vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy.
mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdtw;iw gpd;tUkhW milahsq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ:

1. rka> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapyhd ghjpg;Gfs;
2. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gpd;dilAk; Mgj;J
3. r%fk; gpsTgLk; Mgj;J

K];ypk; khztHfs; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;gjdhy; tpisAk; Nkw;fz;l jPikfisr; rw;W tpupthff; fPNo Nehf;FNthk;:

2:1 rka> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapyhd ghjpg;Gfs;:
xU nkhopahdJ mjidj; jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;Nlhupd; ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fyhrhug; gz;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;Wld; gpd;dpg; gpize;jjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j tifapy;> rpq;fs nkhop> mbg;gilapy; ngsj;jHfspd; nkhopahFk;. ngsj;jHfs; ,iwek;gpf;if> kWik tho;T gw;wpa ek;gpf;if Nghd;wtw;wpy; K];ypk;fSf;F NeH vjpuhd epiyg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;ltHfs; vd;gJ njspthdjhFk;. NkYk;> mtHfs; kj;jpapYs;s cUt topghL> kWgpwg;Gf; nfhs;if Nghd;wdTk; K];ypk;fspd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffSld; Kuz;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ek;gpf;iffspdbahfNt ngsj;jHfspd; fiy> fyhrhug; gz;ghLfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> eil cil ghtidfs;> rpe;jidfs; midj;Jk; gpwe;Js;sd. ,tw;wpd; gpd;dzpapNyNa rpq;fs nkhopAk; tsHr;rpaile;Js;sJ. rpq;fs nkhopapYs;s ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; Nkw;fz;l ngsj;j Nghf;Ffspdbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd. (rpq;fs nkhopapy; fpwp];jt ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fzprkhd msT cz;L vd;gij kwg;gjw;fpy;iy). ,e;epiyapy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; K];ypk; khztHfs; fy;tp gapYk; NghJ tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh ,];yhj;Jf;F Kuzhd rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ffshy; mtHfs; jhf;fj;Jf;Fs;shFk; Mgj;J cz;L. eil Kiwapy; rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fy;tp gapYk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; cs;sq;fspy; ,j;jifa ,];yhj;Jf;F Kuzhd kdg;gjpTfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sjid mtjhdpf;fKbfpd;wJ.

rpq;fs nkhopapy; NjitahdsT ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,y;yhik ,e;epiy NkYk; Nkhrkilaf; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. jkJ ,yf;fpaj; jhfj;ijj; jzpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> rpq;fs nkhopapy; fw;w> fw;fpd;w K];ypk; khztHfs; gpw rpq;fs ,yf;fpaq;fis thrpj;J ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpd;wdH. ,];yhkpa E}y;fs; jkpopNyNa mjpfk; fpilf;fpd;wd. thuhe;j Fj;gh gpurq;fk; cl;gl rka epfo;r;rpfs; midj;Jk; ngUk;ghYk; jkpopNyNa eilngWfpd;wd.
,tw;wpd; fhuzkhfr; rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; ,];yhkpa mwpTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. 1991 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j.(rh.j) guPl;irapy; ,];yhk; ghlj;jpw;Fj;Njhw;wpa K];ypk; khztHfSs; jkpo;nkhop %yk; vOjpNahupy; rpj;jpaile;NjhH RkhH 80% Mf ,Uf;f> rpq;fs nkhop%yk; vOjpNahupy; RkhH 58% khNdhNu rpj;jpaile;Js;sdH.

NkYk; rpq;fs nkhopg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; MrpupaHfshfTk;> ez;gHfshfTk; ,Ug;gtHfs; ngUk;ghYk; K];ypky;yhNjhNuahtH fw;Fk; #oy;> ghlrhiyapd; rk;gpujhaq;fs;> itgtq;fs;> eil> cil ghtidfs; Nghd;wdTk; ,];yhkpaf; nfhs;iffSf;F khwhditahf mikAk; re;jHg;gq;fs; gy cz;L. ,jdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gfis ,q;F tpsf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
ngUk;ghyhd rpq;fs nkhopg;ghlrhiyfspy; K];ypk; MrpupaHfs; ,y;yhjjdhy; K];ypk; khztHfisg; ghlrhiyr; #oypy; XusthtJ ghJfhf;Fk; tha;g;Gk; ,y;yhkw; Nghfpd;wJ.
K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspw; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztHfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mtHfs; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNaAk; jkJ MrpupaHfspd; fz;fhzpg;Gf;F cl;gLtJld; mtHfspd; topfhl;ly;fisg; ngWk; tha;g;igAk; mile;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf ,e;epiy fpuhkg; Gwq;fspw; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyapy; gapYk; K];ypk; khztHfSf;F ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa jkJ CHfspy; ,j;jifa tha;g;Gfs; fpl;Ltjpy;iy. ,jdhy; mtHfs; KiwNflhf elf;fTk;> topjtwTk; re;jHg;gk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,tHfSf;F eilKiwapy; jkpo;nkhop %yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfs; kj;jpapy; ,];yhkpa eilKiwfSf;F Kuzhd gy Nghf;Ffs; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf K];ypk; khztpfs; rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;gJ rka> fyhrhu> gz;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; kpfTk; Mgj;jhdJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.

rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH> gps;isfs; ghypay; cwtpy; <LgLj;jg;glhjthW jLg;gJ Fwpj;J gz;lhu ehaf;fh QhgfhHj;j rHtNjr khehl;L kz;lgj;jpy; eilngw;wnthU fUj;juq;fpy; Ma;Tiu epfo;j;jpa nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof r%ftpay; gPlj;jpd; NguhrpupaH tPuKz;l xU Kf;fpakhd jftiyj; njuptpj;Js;shH. mjd; rhuk;rk; gpd;tUkhW: nfhOk;G Kjy; fSj;Jiw tiuapyhd flw;fiu cy;yhrg;gaz N`hl;ly;fspy; gps;isfs; ghypay; cwtpy; <LgLj;jg;gLtjhfg; GfhH cz;L. Mdhy;> NgUtisg; gFjpapy; gy;NtW cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; N`hl;ly;fs; elhj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mq;F xU K];ypk; rpWtdhtJ ,j;jifa cwtpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ljhfj; jftypy;iy.

,yq;if tUk; cy;yhrg; gazpfs; ek;ehl;Lg; gps;isfis jkJ ghypay; cwTf;F <LgLj;JtJ rk;ge;jkhd tpguq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;fhfr; rkPgj;jpy; fSj;Jiwf; flw;fiuNahug; gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gs;sptpguf; fzf;nfLg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpa NghNj NguhrpupaH ,jidr; Rl;bf; fhl;bdhH.

NgUtisg; gFjp K];ypk; gps;isfs; ,t;thW MNuhf;fpakhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; ,Ug;gjw;F mtHfspy; kpfg;ngUk;ghyhNdhH ,];yhkpa #oypy; K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspw; fy;tp fw;gJk; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzkhFk;.

RUq;ff; $wpd;> K];ypk;fs; rpq;fs nkhopg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;gjdhy; mtHfs; me;epa fyhrhuj; jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;Lj; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ij ,of;Fk; Mgj;J ,Uf;fNt nra;fpd;wJ.

2:2 fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gpd;dilAk; Mgj;J:

,yq;if K];ypkfspd; jha;nkhopahfj; jkpNo ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; K];ypk; khztHfs; xU Ntw;W nkhopahd rpq;fs nkhopapy; fy;tp gapYk; NghJ fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gpd;dilAk; Mgj;Jz;L.

xUtH jdJ nrhe;j nkhopapy; (jha; nkhop) tplaq;fis fpufpg;gJ Nghd;W Ntw;W nkhopnahd;wpy; fpufpf;f KbahJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l XH cz;ikahFk;. ,t;tbg;gilapy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfs; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F epahakhdnjhU fhyj;ij ,tHfs; nrytpl Ntz;ba epiyapYk; cs;sdH. ,jdhy;> ghlq;fisf; fpufpg;gjpy; ,tHfs; gpd;dile;J> guPl;irfspYk; rpwe;j ngNgWfisg; ngwKbahkw; Ngha;tpLfpd;wJ.

jkpo; nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; khztHfs; kw;nwhU rpWghd;ikapduhd jkpoHfSld; khj;jpuNk Nghl;bapl Ntz;bAs;sdH. Mdhy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfNsh ngUk;ghd;ikr; r%fj;Jld; Nghl;baplNtz;bAs;sdH. ,e;epiyAk; ,tHfs; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gpd;dila VJthfpd;wJ.

,j;jifa gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpapy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;fNtz;ba Njit cz;lh vd;W Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,d;W rpq;fs nkhopiag; Nghd;Nw jkpo; nkhopAk; murfUk nkhopahf ,Ug;gjdhYk; ,dtpfpjhrhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; njhopy; toq;Fk; mikg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gL tjdhYk; gy;NtW rpukq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;fNtz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iynad;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> fy;tpj;Jiwapy; xUtH njupT nra;Ak; JiwNaad;wp nkhop Kf;fpakhdjy;y. ,e;j tifapy; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzr; rpq;fs nkhopNa cjTk; vd;w fUj;Jr; rupahdjy;y vd;gJ czug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.fpl;ba vjpHfhyj;jpy; vy;yhj;JiwfSk; jdpahH kag;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd mwpFwpfs; njd;gLfpd;wd. mj;jifanjhU epiy cUthFk; NghJ jdpahH epWtdq;fs; nkhopiaad;wp jFjpiaAk; jpwikiaANk Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sk; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

2:3 r%fk; gpsTgLk; Mgj;J:

,yq;iftho; fpwp];j;jt r%fk; nkhopuPjpahfr; rpq;fsf; fpwp];jtHfs;> jkpo;f;fpwp];j;jtHfs; vdg; gpupe;jpUg;gjdhy;> mtHfSf;Fg; gy tifahd ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapYk; mtHfs; kj;jpapy; gy NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtHfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfSk; rPuhf ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

,yq;if tho; K];ypk;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapYk; mtHfs; nkhopuPjpahfg; gpsTgLk; Mgj;J ,y;yhkypy;iy. Vw;fdNt kyhaH r%fj;ijr; NrHe;j fzprkhd njhifapdH rpq;fs nkhopiaj; jkJ tPl;L nkhopahfTk;> njhlHG nkhopahfTk; Mf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sdH. mtHfspilNaAs;s tsHe;J tUk; ,sk; jiyKiwiar; NrHe;j gyUf;Fj; jkpo; nkhop tpsq;fhky; ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifr; NrhdfH kj;jpapYk; rpy gFjpfspy; tho;NthH jkJ tPl;L nkhopahfr; rpq;fsj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. ,j;jifNahupd; vz;zpf;if ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ.

K];ypk; khztHfs; ,d;Ws;s Ntfj;jpy; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fw;gijj; njhlHe;jhy;> K];ypk; r%fk; fpl;ba vjpHfhyj;jpy; nkhopuPjpahf ,U $Wfshfg; gpupaf;$ba gaq;fu epiy Njhd;wf;$Lk;. njhlHe;J mtHfs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; ,ilntspahdJ tpuptile;J ,Wjpapy; xU ngUk; gpsNt Vw;glf;$ba Mgj;Jk; ,y;yhkypy;iy. ,jdhy;> ,d;Ws;s rka fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L uPjpapyhd xw;Wik Fiytjw;F ,lKz;L.

1. K];ypk;fspd; fy;tpnkhopg; gpur;rpidf;fhd jPHTfs;:

,Jtiu K];ypk;fs; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;f Kw;gLtjdhy; Vw;glf;$ba mD$yq;fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk; Muhag;gl;ld.

K];ypk;fs; jkpo;nkhopiag; Nghjdh nkhopahf nfhs;tjdhYk; gy ed;ikfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;Nw Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jPikfSKz;L. MapDk;> ,t;tk;rk; ,q;F Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
nghJthf> ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fy;tp nkhopg; gpur;rpidf;Fr; rupahdJk; nghUj;jkhdJkhd jPHTfs; toq;fg;glNtz;baJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,q;F rpy jPHTfs; kpfr;RUf;fkhf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it fy;tpapayhsupd; Mokhd Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;badthFk;.

3;:1 K];ypk; khztHfisj; jkpo; nkhop%yk; fw;gjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;:

K];ypk;fspd; jha;nkhopahfj; jkpo;nkhop ,Ug;gjdhYk; r%fj;jpy; RkhH 85% f;Fk; mjpfkhd K];ypk; khztHfs; jkpo;nkhop %yk; fy;tp gapy;tjdhYk; nghJthf> K];ypk; khztHfisj; jkpo; nkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;fj;J}z;LtJ nghUj;jkhf mikAk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; jpl;lkpl;l xUq;fikf;fg;gl;l fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; JizGupaf; $bajhFk;.

Mdhy;> K];ypk; khztHfs; jkpo; nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;FkhW J}z;lg;gLtjw;Fg; gpujhd jilahf miktJ K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspd; juk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhFk;. vdNt> K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspd; juj;ij caHj;j eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khtdy;iy Nghd;w gFjpfspy; K];ypk; khztHfs; jkpo; nkhop%yk; MHtj;Jld; fw;f Kw;gLtjw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzk; mg;gFjpfspy; jukhd K];ypk; ghlrhiyfs; mikag;ngw;wpUg;gjhFk;. eilKiwapy;> rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fy;tp fw;gjdhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfisAk; kw;Wk; gy fhuzq;fisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L mk;nkhop %yk; fy;tp gapYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU njhifapdH ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH vd;gij kWf;f KbahJ. ,j;jifa khztHfspd; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1. K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspw; rpq;fsnkhopapyhd gFjpfis cUthf;Fjy;.

K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspw; rpq;fs nkhop%yk; ghlNghjidfis elhj;Jk; gFjpfs; cUthf;fg;gLtjd; %ykhf K];ypk; khztHfs; rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfspy; gbg;gjdhy; Vw;glf; $ba gy ghjpg;Gfis XusNtDk; jtpHf;f KbAnkdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mdhy;> rpq;fs nkhopg;gFjpfisf; nfhz;l rpy K];ypk; ghlrhiyfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mit ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLtjhfj; njupatpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf mq;F fy;tp gapYk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; rpq;fs nkhopahw;why; kpfTk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; jkpo;nkhopr; #oy; fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,j;jifa Fiwfisj; jtpHf;f KbAkhapd; NkYk; gy K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspy; rpq;fs nkhopg;gFjpfis cUthf;FtJ nghUj;jkhdjhf mikayhk;.

1. rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfspy; K];ypk; MrpupaHfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $l;Ljy;.

,d;W Mapuf;fzf;fhd K];ypk; khztHfs; rpq;fsg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp gapd;W tUfpd;wdH. ,tHfspd; rka fyhrhu eyd;fisg; NgZtjw;fhf ,g;ghlrhiyfspy; K];ypk; MrpupaHfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 1991 Mk; Mz;Lg; Gs;sp tpguq;fspd; gb KO ehl;bYk; 953 K];ypk; MrpupaHfs; rpq;fs nkhop%yg; ghlrhiyfspy; flikahw;wpdH. rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfspd; vz;zpf;ifNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,j;njhif kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;.

1. rpq;fs nkhopapy; jukhd ,];yhkpa E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> gj;jpupiffs; ntspaply;.

rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfs;  kj;jpapy; me;epa fyhrhuj; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwj;J> mtHfspilNa ,];yhkpa rpe;jidg; ghq;if tsHg;gjw;fhfr; rpq;fs nkhopapy; ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; vOjg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,j;Jiwapy; ,yq;if [khmj;Nj ,];yhkp ,af;fk; gaDs;s Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tikg;G rpy ,];yhkpa E}y;fisr; rpq;fsj;jpy; gpuRupj;Js;sJld; khjhe;jk; rpq;fs nkhopapy; xU rQ;rpifiaAk; (gpuNghja) ntspapl;L tUfpd;wJ. kw;Wk; rpy ];jhgdq;fSk; jdpg;gl;NlhUk; fhj;jpukhd rpy Kaw;rpfisr; nra;Js;sdH. MapDk;> ,it Nghjpadthf ,y;iy. vdNt> rpq;fsj;jpy; gy tifahd ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ntsptUtjw;F mtrukhf toptiffs; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

1. rpq;fs nkhop %yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfSf;Fj; jkpiof; fw;gpf;f top nra;jy;.

rpq;fs nkhop%yk; fw;Fk; K];ypk; khztHfs; khiy Neuq;fspNyh my;yJ tpLKiw ehl;fspNyh jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;gjw;F Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; mtHfspd; tPl;bd; Ngr;R nkhopahfTk; njhlHG nkhopahfTk; jkpo; miktjw;F topnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu:
,yq;if K];ypk;fs; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapy; nraw;glhky; ,Ug;gJ fy;tpnkhopg; gpur;rpidf;F Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzkhFk;. vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,g;gpur;rpid tYtile;J> vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; jPikfs; tpisa Kd;dH ,g;nghONj gpur;rpidf;fhd jPHtpidf; fz;L> K];ypk; khztHfis newpg;gLj;jp> mtHfspd; MNuhf;fpakhd vjpHfhyj;jpw;F topaikg;gJ K];ypk; Gj;jp[Ptpfspd; ePq;fhf; flikahFk;.

.fy;tp> fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; - egpfshupd; topfhl;ly;fs;

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